Rujukan Kemerosotan demokrasi

  1. 1 2 3 4 "How democratic backsliding happens". Democracy Digest. 21 February 2017. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 April 2020. Dicapai pada 23 June 2017.
  2. ↑ Waldner, David; Lust, Ellen (11 May 2018). "Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding". Annual Review of Political Science (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628. ISSN 1094-2939.
  3. 1 2 Diamond, Larry (15 September 2020). "Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes". Democratization. 28: 22–42. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1807517. ISSN 1351-0347.
  4. 1 2 Huq, Aziz; Ginsburg, Tom (21 February 2017). "How to lose a constitutional democracy". Vox'. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 February 2021. Dicapai pada 5 September 2017.
  5. ↑ Kyle, Jordan; Mounk, Yascha (December 2018). "The Populist Harm to Democracy: An Empirical Assessment" (PDF). Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 30 January 2021. Dicapai pada 17 May 2019.
  6. 1 2 Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2018). How Democracies Die. United States: Crown. m/s. 76–78.
  7. 1 2 Stealth Authoritarianism in Turkey. Oxford University Press. 23 August 2018. m/s. 339–354. ISBN 978-0-19-088898-5. OCLC 1030444422. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 March 2021. Dicapai pada 29 May 2020.
  8. ↑ "Linz, J. and Stepan, A., 1998. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, p.38."
  9. ↑ Huntington, Samuel P. (2005). Democracy's Third Wave. University of Oklahoma Press. m/s. 23. ISBN 9780806125169. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 March 2021. Dicapai pada 23 February 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bermeo, Nancy (January 2016). "On Democratic Backsliding" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 27 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012. ISSN 1086-3214. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 March 2021. Dicapai pada 26 April 2019.
  11. ↑ Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Crown. m/s. 95. ISBN 978-1-5247-6293-3.
  12. 1 2 3 Norris, Pippa (April 2017). "Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks" (PDF). Journal of Democracy (Scholarly response to column published online). Online Exchange on "Democratic Deconsolidation" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Johns Hopkins University Press. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 11 April 2018. Dicapai pada 28 August 2018.
  13. ↑ Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018). "Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding". Annual Review of Political Science. 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628. Backsliding entails a deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.
  14. ↑ Huq, Aziz; Ginsburg, Tom (2018). "How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy". UCLA Law Review. 65: 78–169. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 May 2023. Dicapai pada 15 May 2023.
  15. ↑ Greskovitz, Béla (2015). "The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East-Central Europe". Global Policy. 6 (1): 28–37. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12225.
  16. ↑ Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew; Madrid, Raúl L. (27 November 2019). "The perils of personalism". Democratization. 27 (2): 321–339. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1696310. ISSN 1351-0347.
  17. ↑ "Global overview of COVID-19: Impact on elections". www.idea.int. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 13 March 2021. Dicapai pada 28 January 2021.
  18. ↑ Lewkowicz, Jacek; Woźniak, Michał; Wrzesiński, Michał (2022). "COVID-19 and erosion of democracy". Economic Modelling. 106: 105682. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105682. PMC 8571542 Check |pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34776576 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 November 2021. Dicapai pada 25 November 2021.
  19. ↑ B. Edgell, A., Grahn, S., Lachapelle, J., Lührmann, A. and F. Maerz, S. (2021). "An Update on Pandemic Backsliding: Democracy Four Months After the Beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic". V-dem.net. Accessed 31 January 2021.
  20. ↑ Keilitz, Ingo (10 August 2020). "Illiberalism Enabled by the Coronavirus Pandemic: An Existential Threat to Judicial Independence". International Journal for Court Administration. 11 (2): 2. doi:10.36745/ijca.339.
  21. ↑ Gunitsky, Seva (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (penyunting), "Great Powers and the Spread of Autocracy Since the Cold War", Before and After the Fall: World Politics and the End of the Cold War, Cambridge University Press: 225–243, doi:10.1017/9781108910194.014, ISBN 978-1-108-90677-7, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 11 January 2022, dicapai pada 17 December 2021
  22. ↑ Karen Stenner; Jessica Stern (February 11, 2021). "How to Live With Authoritarians". Foreign Policy. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 January 2022. Dicapai pada 17 January 2022.
  23. 1 2 3 4 (Laporan). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal |archive-url= requires |url= (bantuan) pada 5 June 2019. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  24. ↑ Mettler, Suzanne (2020). Four Threats: The Recurring Crises of American Democracy. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-24442-0. OCLC 1155487679. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 March 2021. Dicapai pada 14 August 2020.
  25. ↑ Farrell, Henry (14 August 2020). "History tells us there are four key threats to U.S. democracy". The Washington Post. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 18 January 2021. Dicapai pada 14 August 2020.
  26. ↑ Lieberman, By Suzanne Mettler and Robert C. (10 August 2020). "The Fragile Republic". Foreign Affairs (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 6 November 2020. Dicapai pada 15 August 2020.
  27. ↑ Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert (2021). Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1017/9781108957809. ISBN 9781108957809. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 March 2021. Dicapai pada 21 January 2021.
  28. ↑ Orhan, Yunus Emre (2022). "The relationship between affective polarization and democratic backsliding: comparative evidence". Democratization. 29 (4): 714–735. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.2008912. ISSN 1351-0347.
  29. ↑ Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf Diarkibkan 14 September 2021 di Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ Mechkova, Valeriya; Lührmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2017). "How Much Democratic Backsliding?". Journal of Democracy (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 28 (4): 162–169. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0075. ISSN 1086-3214.
  31. ↑ (Laporan). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal |archive-url= requires |url= (bantuan) pada 15 February 2019. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  32. ↑ Esther King (31 January 2017). "Democratic backsliding threatens international order". Politico. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 29 July 2017. Dicapai pada 23 June 2017.
  33. ↑ (Laporan). 2020. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal |archive-url= requires |url= (bantuan) pada 15 February 2019. Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
  34. 1 2 Autocratization Surges–Resistance Grows: Democracy Report 2020 Diarkibkan 30 Mac 2020 di Wayback Machine, V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (March 2020).

Rujukan

WikiPedia: Kemerosotan demokrasi http://www.politico.eu/article/democratic-backslid... http://www.demdigest.org/democratic-backsliding-ha... http://journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/... http://worldcat.org/oclc/1155487679 https://reader.foreignaffairs.com/2020/08/10/the-f... https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/11/capitol-insur... https://books.google.com/books?id=e5WRDwAAQBAJ https://books.google.com/books?id=6REC58gdt2sC&pg=... https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/2/21/1466456... https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/14...